Jessica Oesterheld, M.D. is a graduate of Mount Holyoke College and Tufts Medical School and completed residencies in General, College and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
She has been a cytochrome maven since 1992. Her interest arose from clinical experiences with patients with side effects based on CYP-based drug interactions. She has authored the following books, papers or chapters that review cytochromes and their development and interactions.
Wyne G, Cozza K, , Oesterheld JR. Drug Interactions: Principles for Medical Practice 3nd edition, American Psychiatry Press Inc, Washington DC, 2009
Oesterheld JR, Cozza K, Sandson NB. Oral contraceptives,Psychosomatics. 2008 Mar-Apr;49:168-75.
Oesterheld, JR , Shader RI, Martin A. and Scahill, L, Oesterheld, JR and Martin, A Pharmacokinetic chapter and Psychopharmacology chapter in Lewis’ Textbook of Child Psychiatry fourth edition, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia , 2007
Cozza K, Armstrong SC, Oesterheld JR. Study Guide to Clinical Psychopharmacology: A Companion to the American Psychiatric Publishing Text of Psychopharmacology, APPI 2006
Cozza K, Armstrong S, Oesterheld JR et al. Drug interactions in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry chapter in Blumenthal and Strain: Textbook of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Press Inc, 2006
Wynn GH, Zapor MJ, Smith BH, Wortmann G, Oesterheld JR, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL. Antiretrovirals, part 1: overview, history, and focus on protease inhibitors. Psychosomatics. 2004 May-Jun;45:262-70.
Oesterheld JR, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL. Ecstasy: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Psychosomatics. 2004 Jan-Feb;45:84-7.
Oesterheld JR, Parmalee D, Shader RI: Child Psychiatry in Manual of Psychiatric Therapeutics third edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia, 2003
Oesterheld JR, UGTs for Clinicians. Psychosomatics 2002
Oesterheld JR and Flockhart DA : Hepatic P450 Cytochromes-Based Drug Interactions in: Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Oxford University Press 2002
Martin A, Oesterheld J et al: Basic Psychopharmacology in Melvin Lewis (ed) Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook, third edition Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia, 2002
Oesterheld JR and Martin A: Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology in Curriculum for Teaching Psychiatric Residents: American Society of Clinical Pharmacology, 2001
Oesterheld JR: Oral contraceptives in: The Cytochromes P450 System Cozza and Armstrong (eds) American Psychiatric Association Press , Washington, 2001
Shader RI and Oesterheld JR: (editorial):Contraceptive Effectiveness: cytochromes and induction: J Clin Psychopharmacol 20:119-121, April 2000
Flockhart D, Oesterheld JR: P450 cytochromes and Drug Interactions. Child and Adolesc Psychiatric Clinics of North America 9:43-76, 2000
Oesterheld JR, Osser DA: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: CYP-based drug interactions. Journal of Practical Psychiatry and Behavioral Health 5:179-183, May 1999
Oesterheld JR: A Review of Developmental Aspects of Cytochrome P450. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 8: 8:161-174, 1998
Oesterheld, JR and Shader RI: Cytochromes: A Primer for Child Psychiatrists, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:447-450, April 1998
Oesterheld, JR and Kallapelli R: Clomipramine and grapefruit juice: changing the metabolitic ratio. (letter to editor) J Clin Psychopharmacol 17:62-63 February 1997
Oesterheld JR : Erythromycin and Clomipramine: noncompetitive inhibition of demethylation (letter to editor) J Child Adolescent Psychopharmacol 6:211-12, November 1996
Oesterheld JR: TCA cardiotoxicity: the latest (letter to the editor) J of Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:701-702, June 1996
Tom Polasek, BSc, BPharm (Hons), PhD, trained initially as a Pharmacist at the Flinders Medical Centre in Adelaide (Australia) before joining the Department of Clinical Pharmacology at Flinders University in 2002. After completing his PhD in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, Tom held lectureships in clinical pharmacology until 2012. His professional interests include all aspects of clinical pharmacology, but are particularly focussed on drug interactions and inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Tom is currently a medical student at Flinders University and runs a pharmacology consulting business called TP Pharmacology.
Refereed Journal Articles
1. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, Lewis BC, and Miners JO (2004) Mechanism-based inactivation of human cytochrome P4502C8 by drugs in vitro. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol. 311, no. 3, pp. 996-1007.
2. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2006) Measurement of human cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) activity in vitro. Current Protocols in Toxicology, suppl. 27, pp. 4.19.1-4.19.11.
3. Polasek TM and Miners JO (2006) Quantitative prediction of macrolide drug-drug interaction potential from in vitro studies using testosterone as the human cytochrome P4503A substrate. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 203-208.
4. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, Somogyi AA, Gillam EMJ, Lewis BC, and Miners JO (2006) An evaluation of potential mechanism-based inactivation of human drug metabolizing cytochromes P450 by monoamine oxidase inhibitors, including isoniazid. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 570-584.
5. Polasek TM and Miners JO (2007) In vitro approaches to investigate mechanism-based inactivation of CYP enzymes. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 321-329.
6. Polasek TM and Miners JO (2008) Time-dependent inhibition of human drug metabolizing cytochromes P450 by tricyclic antidepressants. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 87-97.
7. Polasek TM, Polak S, Doogue MP, Rostami-Hodjegan A, and Miners JO (2009) Assessment of inter-individual variability in predicted phenytoin clearance. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 1203-1210.
8. Polasek TM, Sadagopal JS, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2010) In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of zolpidem as a perpetrator of metabolic interactions involving CYP3A. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 275-283.
9. Lin FPY, Anthony S, Polasek TM, Tsafnat G, Doogue MP, and Coiera E (2011) BICEPP: an example-based statistical text mining framework for predicting the binary characteristics of drugs. BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 12, no. 112.
10. Polasek TM, Lin FPY, Miners JO, and Doogue MP (2011) Perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions from altered cytochrome P450 activity: a criteria-based assessment. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 727-736.
11. Wattanachai N, Polasek TM, Health TM, Uchaipichat V, Tassaneeyakul W, Tassaneeyakul W, and Miners JO (2011) In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of CYP2C8-catalyzed paclitaxel 6α-hydroxylation: effects of albumin on in vitro kinetic parameters and assessment of inter-individual variability in predicted clearance. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 815-824.
12. Doogue MP and Polasek TM (2011) Drug dosing in renal disease. The Clinical Biochemist Reviews, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 69-73.
13. Polasek TM, Doogue MP and Miners (2011) Metabolic activation of clopidogrel: in vitro data provides conflicting evidence for the contributions of CYP2C19 and PON1. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 253-261.
14. Snyder B, Polasek TM and Doogue MP (2012) Drug interactions: principles and practice. Australian Prescriber, in press.
15. Sorich, MJ, Polasek TM and Wiese MD (2012) Systematic review of the association between cytochrome P4502C19 genotype and bleeding risk with clopidogrel. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, submitted.
Book Chapter
1. Miners JO, Polasek TM, Mackenzie PI, and Knights KM (2010) The in vitro characterization of inhibitory drug-drug interactions involving UDP-glycuronosyltransferase. In Enzyme- and transporter-based drug-drug interactions: progress and future challengers (Eds. Pang SK, Rodrigues DA and Peter RM), pp. 217-236. Springer, New York.
Refereed Editorials, Perspectives and Commentaries
1. Polasek TM (2011) Beyond CYP2C19 – a new chapter in clopidogrel pharmacogenomics. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 14-15.
2. Polasek TM (2011) Rapid progress on the clopidogrel PON1 story. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 258-259.
3. Doogue MP and Polasek TM (2012) The ABCD of clinical pharmacokinetics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, submitted.
Refereed Conference Papers Published as Proceedings
1. Polasek TM and Gebauer M (2001) Inhibition of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide (VKER) activity: a study to investigate the role of the vitamin K cycle in the interaction between paracetamol and warfarin. Proceedings: 25th Federal Conference of The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia, p. 86.
2. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2003) The effects of macrolide antibiotics on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2: in vitro studies to investigate the interaction between the macrolides and theophylline. Program Handbook: 26th Federal Conference of The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia, p. 51.
3. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2003) Inactivation of human cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) by macrolide antibiotics: prediction of in vivo interaction potential from in vitro data. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists, vol. 10, Abstract 269, eds EA Davis and CG Sobey.
4. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2004) Mechanism-based inactivation of human recombinant cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) by nortriptyline, verapamil, fluoxetine, amiodarone, isoniazid and phenelzine in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 31, suppl. 1, p. A95.
5. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2004) Mechanism-based inactivation of recombinant and human liver microsomal cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8). Drug Metabolism Reviews, vol.36, suppl. 1, p. 271.
6. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2005) Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of human liver microsomal cytochromes P450 by the irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) isoniazid, phenelzine and clorgyline. Drug Metabolism Reviews, vol.37, suppl. 1, p. 25.
7. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, and Miners JO (2005) Predicting metabolic drug-drug interactions with isoniazid: significant mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A and CYP2C19. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists, Australasian Pharmaceutical Sciences Association, vol. 11, Oral 161, eds EA Davis and CG Sobey.
8. Polasek TM and Miners JO (2006) Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of recombinant CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 but not human liver microsomal CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by nortriptyline. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 27, suppl. 1, p. 100.
9. Polasek TM and Miners JO (2006) Formation of alkylamine metabolite-intermediate complexes between tricyclic antidepressants and human drug metabolising CYP: evidence for mechanism-based inactivation. Proceedings of the Australian Health and Medical Research Congress 2006, Abstract 635, p. 247.
10. Polasek TM, Elliot DJ, Lewis BC, and Miners JO (2007) Time-dependent inhibition of cytochromes P450 by monoamine oxidase inhibitors: disparity between microsomal and recombinant enzyme test systems. Proceedings: Southeast Asian Western Pacific Regional Meeting of Pharmacologists, Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists, vol. 12, Poster 3-60, eds CG Sobey and S Smid.
11. Polasek TM, Rowland A, Elliot DJ, Knights KM, Mackenzie PI, Polak S, Rostami-Hodjegan A, and Miners JO (2008) Incorporating inter-individual variability into the prediction of phenytoin clearance from albumin-adjusted in vitro data. Drug Metabolism Reviews, vol.40, suppl. 1, p. 51.
12. Sadagopal JS, Elliot, DJ, Lewis BC, Miners JO, and Polasek TM (2008) Mechanism-based inactivation of human cytochrome P4503A4 by zolpidem in vitro. Proceedings of the Australian Health and Medical Research Congress 2008, Abstract 805, p. 405-406.
13. Polasek TM and Doogue MP (2008) A criteria based catalogue of clinically important cytochrome P450 inhibitors and inducers. Proceedings of the Australian Health and Medical Research Congress 2008, Abstract 861, p. 426.
14. Polasek TM, Sadagopal JS, Elliot DJ, Lewis BC, and Miners JO (2009) Predicting the metabolic interaction potential of zolpidem with CYP3A drugs. Drug Metabolism Reviews, vol.41, suppl. 3, p. 72-73.
15. Polasek TM and Doogue MP (2009) Important inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes: what is the clinical evidence? Conference Handbook and Book of Abstracts: 35h Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia National Conference, Poster 185, p. 215.
16. Deacon PM, Griffith-Jones T, Polasek TM, Mangoni AA, and Doogue MP (2009) Screening for potential drug-drug interactions by intern doctors: a survey of clinical practice. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, vol. 14, Poster 1-4, eds D Hay and S Ngo.
17. Tarafdar S, Mangoni AA, Polasek TM, and Doogue MP (2009) Laboratory reported glomerular filtration rate, a poor predictor of digoxin clearance. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, vol. 14, Oral 46, eds D Hay and S Ngo.
18. Polasek TM (2009) Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 enzymes: a clinically important cause of metabolic drug-drug interactions. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, vol. 14, Oral 67, eds D Hay and S Ngo.
19. Doogue MP and Polasek TM (2009) Simplifying the evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, vol. 14, Oral 68, eds D Hay and S Ngo.
20. Doogue MP, Polasek TM, and Lin F (2010) Prescriber evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions, room for improvement? Internal Medicine Journal, vol. 40, suppl. 1, p. 14-15.
21. Miners JO, Doogue MP, and Polasek TM (2010) Taming drug-drug interactions. National Medicines Symposium 2010, Abstract 177, p. 118.
22. Heath TM, Wattanachai N, Uchaipichat V, Tassaneeyakul W, Tassaneeyakul W, Miners JO, and Polasek TM (2010) Prediction of paclitaxel clearance from in vitro kinetic data. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, P21, http://www.ascept.org/Past-Annual-Scientific-Meetings/2010-/Proceedings.aspx
23. Barnes KJ, Doogue MP, Miners JO, and Polasek TM (2010) Assessment of cytochrome P450 inactivation efficacy as a predictor of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, P25, http://www.ascept.org/Past-Annual-Scientific-Meetings/2010-/Proceedings.aspx
24. Lin FPY, Polasek TM, Anthony S, Tsafnat G, and Doogue MP (2010) BICEPP: a computational text mining methods for predicting the binary characteristics of drugs. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, P40, http://www.ascept.org/Past-Annual-Scientific-Meetings/2010-/Proceedings.aspx
25. Kichenadasse G, Doogue MP, Koczwara B, Karapetis C, and Polasek TM (2011) In silico assessment of erlotinib as a potential inhibitor of CYP3A-mediated drug clearance. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, New Zealand Annual Scientific Meeting, Abstract 3.4, http://www.ascept.org.nz/
26. Patel F, Jensen BP, Doogue MP and Polasek TM (2011) Effects of adults age on predicted total drug clearance. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, Poster 30, http://ascept2011.eproceedings.com.au/posters.html
27. Polasek TM, Heath TM and Doogue MP (2011) Prediction of docetaxel clearance and the ketoconazole-docetaxel interaction. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, Poster 44, http://ascept2011.eproceedings.com.au/posters.html
28. Barnes KJ, Rowland A, Polasek TM and Miners JO (2011) The inhibitory effects of uremic toxins on drug metabolising enzyme activity in vitro. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, Poster 51, http://ascept2011.eproceedings.com.au/posters.html
29. Snyder B, Rowland A, Polasek TM, Miners JO and Doogue MP (2011) An evaluation of felodipine as a potential perpetrator of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions in healthy volunteers using a drug cocktail approach. Proceedings: Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists, Oral 111, http://ascept2011.eproceedings.com.au/papers.html
30. Polasek TM, Heath TM, Doogue MP and Wiese MD (2011) Prediction of taxane clearance from in vitro metabolism data. Proceedings: Australian Pharmaceutical Sciences Association, PXX.
David N. Osser, M.D. is a national, and international consultant in clinical psychopharmacology with over 25 years of experience in a wide variety of settings. He is most well known for the development of systematic, comprehensive algorithmic pathways for evidence-supported psychopharmacological treatment of depressive, psychotic, and anxiety disorders. In collaboration with Robert Patterson, M.D., these algorithms have been produced in an Internet-based "virtual psychopharmacology consultation" interactive computer format. These may be found at the web site www.mhc.com/Algorithms. In October 2001 this web site won a Kanter Foundation Award for "journalists who foster knowledge about the benefits of collecting and standardizing data on health outcomes, so patients and clinicians can use scientific, evidence-based information to guide their treatment decisions."
Dr. Osser is an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. He is an author of more than 50 academic products, including journal articles, software, monographs, book chapters, and abstracts. He received four awards for outstanding teaching, and two Exemplary Psychiatrist awards from the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) and from the Massachusetts chapter of NAMI. He has been on the staff of Taunton State Hospital for over 25 years and currently is Director of the Psychopharmacology Consultation Service and Director of Medical Practice Evaluation and Management. He is also on the staff of the Brockton Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, where he is the Psychiatrist for the Domiciliary program for homeless veterans. He is also President of the Massachusetts Psychiatric Society, a district branch of the American Psychiatric Association.
Dr. Osser is a member of the International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project, directed by Kenneth Jobson, M.D. Under their auspices, he has presented his algorithms and software in Japan and China in the past several years. He has been named an "Honorary International Advisory Member of the Chinese Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project with gratitude from the Beijing University Institute of Psychiatry and the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China."
He lives in Needham, Massachusetts with his wife Stephanie, two children, Rosie (19) and Daniel (16), and two turtles, Hypotenuse 4.0 and Hypotenuse 5.0.
Neil B. Sandson, M.D. is Director of the Psychopharmacology Consultation Service and the Director of the Division of Education and Residency Training at Sheppard Pratt Hospital, Baltimore Maryland. He graduated from Amherst College and then the University of Maryland with an M.D. His residency was at Sheppard Pratt. Dr. Sandson is an examiner for the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology and is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Maryland.
His professional interests include the cytochrome P450 system, drug-drug interactions, mechanisms of action of psychotropic agents and teaching.
Publications
Books:
Sandson, NB: Drug Interactions Casebook: The Cytochrome P450 System and Beyond. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., May 2003.
Articles:
Sandson NB: Exploring Drug Interactions in Psychiatry. Psychiatric Times 21(5):44-48, 2004
Sandson NB: Perspectives on Psychopharmacology – Drug Interactions: A Tangled Web We Weave (Part II). The Maryland Psychiatrist, Spring 2004, 30(3):5, 14, 2004
Sandson NB: Drug-Drug Interactions: The Silent Epidemic. Psychiatric Services, in press.
Sandson NB: Perspectives on Psychopharmacology – Drug Interactions: A Tangled Web We Weave (Part I). The Maryland Psychiatrist, Winter 2003/04, 30(2):4, 9, 2004
Lachner C, Sandson NB: Medical Complications of Catatonia: A Case of Catatonia-Induced Deep Venous Thrombosis. Psychosomatics 44(6):512-4, 2003.
Lindsey RL, Kaplan D, Koliatsos V, Walters JK, Sandson, NB: Aripiprazole and extrapyramidal symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42(11):1268-9, 2003.
Sandson NB: Perspectives on Psychopharmacology – Aripiprazole: Possibilities and Pitfalls. The Maryland Psychiatrist, Fall 2003, 30(1):8,12-13.
Armstrong SC, Cozza KL, Sandson NB: Med-Psych Drug-Drug Interactions Update: Six Patterns of Drug-Drug Interactions. Psychosomatics 44(3):255-258, 2003.
Sandson NB: Drug Interactions: A Tangled Web We Weave (Part II). M.D. Today – GBMC Health Care, May/June 2003, p. 5.
Gabriel Eckermann, M.D.
Medical Education
1981 Doctor of Medicine, the University of Munich, Germany
Postgraduate Education
1982 – 1988: General Psychiatry internship and residency at District Clinic for Psychiatry and Neurology in Kaufbeuren (Bavaria): Germany
Positions:
Since 1982: Psychiatrist at Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, District Clinic for Psychiatry and Neurology in Kaufbeuren (Bavaria), Germany (Specialty Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology)
Since 1986: Has regularly conducted continuing education courses in psychopharmacology for employees of Bavarian District Hospitals and University Clinics
Since 1988: Senior Consultant in psychiatry at District Clinic for Psychiatry and Neurology in Kaufbeuren (Bavaria), Germany
Since 1990: Responsible for drug safety in psychiatry in District Clinic for Psychiatry and Neurology in Kaufbeuren (Bavaria), Germany
Since 1995: Senior Consultant in psychopharmacology for eight hospitals for psychiatry, neurology and psychotherapy in the southern area of Bavaria
Since 1995: Lectures on drug-drug interactions, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), Pharmacogenetics and drug safety in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Norway, UK, USA
2001: Founder and Head of the plasma-level-testing laboratory for psychotropic drugs at the District Clinic for Psychiatry and Neurology in Kaufbeuren (Bavaria), Germany
2006: Coeditor (with Prof. C. Hiemke, Prof. E. Haen, Dr. M. Dobmeier) of a drug-drug interactions program for psychopharmacology in German: www.psiac.de
Membership
Psychiatric drug safety in Bavaria (an alliance of about 30 psychiatric hospitals in Bavaria):
A Drug Safety Program in Germany/Switzerland/Austria
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring scientific group in Germany/Switzerland/Austria (led by Prof. Christoph Hiemke)
National Committee for Drugs of German Physicians, working in the group responsible for adverse drug reactions: focus on drug-drug interactions
Psychopharmacology focus:
- Drug Drug Interactions
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
- Drug Safety
- Pharmacogenetics: Polymorphisms
- Medicolegal Implications of Drug Drug Interactions
GeneMedRx has not been reviewed or approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and cannot be used to diagnose or treat any disease or other health condition.
